Next generation sequencing and urologic cancer

Nucleic acid sequencing is a method for identifying the exact nucleotides present in a given DNA or RNA molecule. After completion of the first human genome sequence from the Human Genome Project by f irstgeneration sequencing (also known as Sanger sequencing), the use of nucleic acid sequencing has greatly increased in research and clinical investigations worldwide, with a resultant demand for cheaper and faster sequencing methods. This demand has driven the development of next-generation sequencing (NGS), in which massively parallel sequencing is performed, which allows an entire genome to be sequenced from millions of fragments of DNA samples in less than 1 day. During the last decade, several NGS platforms, such as the Illumina HiSeq series, SOLiD, or 454, have been developed to provide low-cost and high-throughput sequencing. The creation of these NGS platforms has made sequencing accessible to more laboratories and has facilitated the discovery of genes and regulatory elements associated with diseases including urologic cancers. The application of NGS has gradually broadened, allowing for rapid advances in many fields associated with the biomedical sciences and clinical research. Whole-genome sequencing (also known as full-genome sequencing, complete genome sequencing, or entire genome sequencing) is a laboratory process that determines the complete DNA sequence of a sample's genome at a single Next generation sequencing and urologic cancer